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????

抓好环保督察反馈问题整改 在绿色发展上走在前列

??? ?? (1942–1995)
(??? ? ???? ???)
百度 称主守者，（内外衙门）该管文案，典吏专主掌其事；及守掌仓库、狱囚、杂物之类，官吏、库子、斗级、攒拦、禁子并为主守。

??? ? ??(Stanley Ann Dunham, 1942? 11? 29?~1995? 11? 7?)? ?44? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?????, ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??? '??'(Anna)???,[1][2] ???? "??? ? ?? ???? ??"? ????[3], ????? "? ?? ???"? ???. ????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ?? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ????, ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???.

??? ? ??
??1942? 11? 29?(2025-08-07)
?? ???? ???
??1995? 11? 7?(2025-08-07)(52?)
?? ???? ????
????
????
??????
????? ??? 1?(1961~1964)
?? ???(1965~1980)
???? ???
?? ???

??? ??? ???? ?-? ???(East-West Center)?? ?????, ????? ??, ??, ?? ??? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???. ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????? ????. ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???, ??? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????(??? ????) ?????? ????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???, ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???, ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ?????.[4] ??? ?? ???(Dr. Stanley Ann Dunham Soetoro) ?? ? ?? ???(Ann Dunham Sutoro) ???? ???.

??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??, ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ? ????? ???. ??? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???. 2009? 12?? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ? 1992?? ????? ??? ?????, ? ? ??? "??? ?? ????: ?????? ?? ??"???.

????? ?? ???? ???? ?? "?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??... ??? ?? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???"? ???.[5]

?? ??

??

??? ? ??? 1942? 11? 29?? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????.[6] ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????.[7][8] ??? ??? ?? ??? ????, ??? ????? ?? 1940? 5? 5?? ????.[9]

??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[10] ??? ??? ?? ??, ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ???? ??? ???.[11] ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???. ?? ? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? "???"? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ??? ??? "???"? ????.

“ ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????.[10] ”

?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ?????, "??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??."[3] ??? ??? ?? ???, ??? ??? ??? "?"?? ????.[3] ? 2? ???? ???, ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ???? UC ??? ???? ???.

?? ??? ??? ??? ???. ?? ????? ??????, ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ????? ????.[10] 1948?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???, ???? ??? ???? ??? ??, ? ??? ??? ? ???? ? ??? ??.[12] 1955?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??, ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????, ??? ???? ??? ????? ???. ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???, ?? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???.[13]

???

??

1956?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??. ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??. ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???.[5] ???? ? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????, ??? ? ???? ??? ???. "??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ???." ? ?? ??? ??? "? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ? ????"? ????,[5] ???? ?? ? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????. "??? ??? ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ? ???. ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?????????." ? ?? ??? ??? "??? ?????"?? ???.[5]

??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???. ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??.[14] ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ??. ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????. ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ? ?? ??? 1?? ??? ??. ????? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??.

??? ??

??

1959? 8? 21?? ???? ?? ??? 50?? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??, ??? 1960?? ????? ??? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??. ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? 1?? ???.[15][16] ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ? ?? ?? ?? ????. ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??????.[10]

??? 1?? ??? ? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? 1?? ???? ???? ?? ????.[17] 20?? ??? ??? 1?? 1?1?? ? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??.[17] ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???.[17] ?? ?? ?? 1959? 23?? ??? ??? 1?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??, ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ? ? ? ????.[17]

??? ???? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???. ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???. ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?????.[10]

??? ?? ??

??

??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? 1961? 2? 2?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????.[5][18] ??? ??? ? ?? 3?????.[5] ??? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? ??? ???? ???, ??? ??? ??? ???? ????. ? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ???.[16] ??? 1?? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???.[19] ?? 8? 4?? 20?? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? 2?? ???.[20] ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ????.[21][22][23][24]1962? 1?? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???.[13][22][25][26][27] ??? 1?? 1962? 6?? ??? ???? ????, ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ???.[28] ??? ?? ? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ?????.[18] ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ???, ? ??? 1962? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????.[16]

??? ??

??

??? 1964? 1? ?????? ?? ??? ????. ??? 1?? ?? ?? ??? ?????.[3] ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????. ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???, ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???. ??? 1967?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????.[3] ??? 1?? 1965?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[29] 1971?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? 10???? ?? ?? ???? ???. ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ????? ??? 1?? ?? ?? ? ?? ????? ??? ?????, ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ??? 1?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????.[17] ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? 1982? ?????? ????? 46?? ??? ??? ???.[17]

?
?-? ??, ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??, 1963?? ?????.

?-? ???? ??? ??????? ? ???? ?? ???? ???.[30] ??? 1966/67?? ???? 6???? ??? ?? ????? ????? ????.[31] ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????.[32] ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???.[33][34] 1970? 8? 15?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????.[9] ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????. ??? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??.[31] ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ? ??? ? ? ???,[35] ??? ???? ????? ?????.[36] 1970??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ???, ???? ??? ??? ? ????? ???. ??? ??? ????, ???? ?? ? ? ? ????? ??? ?? ??? ? ? ??? ???? ???? ???.[31] ? ??? 1972?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ?? ???. ???? ??? 1970??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?? ????[31] ?? ??? ???. ??? 1980?? ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????.[3]

??? ??

??

18?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????. ?? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?? ????.[10] ????, ? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????.[10]

??? ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????.[37] ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????? ? ???? ? ?? ???? ??.[10]

??? ??

??

??? ??? ??? ???? 1974?? ???? ????? ????. ??? 3? ? ?????? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? 1975?? ??, ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???.[31]

??? ?? ?? ? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??.[38]

1992?? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ????? ????? ???. ?? ??? ??? 《?????? ?? ???: ??? ?? ???? ??? ????》??.[39] ????? ??? ??? ? ??? "?????, ?? ???, 1200?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??"?? ???.[40] ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ????.

??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ?????? "???? ??? ??? ? ??? ???"? ??? ???, ?????? "????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????", ??? ??? ?? ? "?? ??? ???"???. ??? ??? ??? ??, ?? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ???. ??? ??? ??? ?? ???. "?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ?????." ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ? ???? ???? ???.[40]

? ? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????. ??? ?? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????(USAID)? ?? ??? ??????(Women's World Banking)? ?? ???, ???? ????? ????? ???. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ? ????? ???? ??? ??.[41] ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????.[42] ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??, ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???.[31]

??? ??

??

1994?? ??? ?????? ?? ???. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ??? ???. ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????.[3] ?? ?? ??? '?? ??(??? ?? ??)' ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ????.[10]

??? 1995?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ???, ??? ??? ???. ? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???.[16] ??? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1995? 11? 7? 53?? ??? ?? ????.[31][43][44]??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???. ?? ???? 2008? 12? 23?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???.[45]

???? 30? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????. ? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????.[44] ??? ??? 2007? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ????.[44]

“ ?? ?? ???? ?????. ? ?? 53?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??????. ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????. ???? ? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ? ??? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ?? ?????. ?? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??????. ??? ???????.[44] ”

?? ??

??

2008? 9?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???.[46] 2009? 12?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? "??? ??? ????: ?????? ?? ??"? ????. ? ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??? G. ??? ?? I. ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??. ??? ???? ????? ??? W. ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? "????" ??? ??? ?? ?? "???? ???, ????? ??? ????"? ???.[47] "? ??: ?? ??? ??"?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????? 2010?? ????? ??? ????. ? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??. ?????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???. ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??.[48] ?? 2009?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?? ?????. ? 2009?? ??? C-SPAN? ?????.[49]

2009?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ????? ?????. ???? ??? "? ??? ??? ??? ??? ????: ?? ???? ???? ????? ???"???. ? ???? 8?? ??? D.C.? ?? ?? ????? ?????.[50] ?? ??? ? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???. ?????? ??? ??, ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?????.[51]

??? ??

??

??? ???? ??? ???? ??, ??? ??? ?????.[10] ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? "?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??.[10]"? ?? ???.

??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?????. … ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ???????... ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??, ??????, ???? ??????.[52]

—??? ???, ??? "? ??????? ?"(1995?)

?? ???? ???? ???? ???... ? ???? ????... ?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????... ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ????, ? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????.[53]

—??? ???, "??? ??"(The Audacity of Hope, 2006?)

???? ??? "?? ? ?? ??-??? ??? ??? ?? ??— ??? ??? ? ? ?? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????."[54]

???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ??? ??? "?? ??? ?????? ??? ???, ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ???? ???? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????."[5] ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???.

“ ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???. ??? ?????????. ??? ????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? — 《??》, ??? ??? 《?????》, 《??》, 《???》, 《??》 - ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????.[30] ”
“ ??? ??? ??? ????? ????. ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ????.[54] ”

2007?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. "??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????."[3]

???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????.

“ ? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ????????. ?? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????. ?? ?? ???? ?????. ? ???? ????? ? ???????, ??? ???? ??????. ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????. ??? ?? ?? ?????????. ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??? ?? ?? ????? ?? ?? ????.[55] ”

????

??

??? ???? ??????. ?? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??.[10] ??? ??? ?? ?????? ? ?? 50? ?? ??? 1960?? ?? ?? ?? ????. ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ? ?? ?? ??.[10] ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????.[10]

?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??.[10]

??? ??? ??? ????? ? ???? ????. ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????.[10] ??? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??.[10]

??

??

???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???????.[10] ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??. ?? ????? ??? ????? ????.

??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??? ??????. "??? ???, ??? ????, ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????.[10]"? ??. ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ????.[10]

????? ???? ??? ???? ??. ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??.[10]

??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? 1970? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ???, ?? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.

?? ??

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??

??
  1. ↑ Obama, Barack (2004) [1995]. 《Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance》. New York: Three Rivers Press. 7,68?. ISBN?1400082773.?
  2. ↑ Turow, Scott (2004? 3? 30?). “The new face of the Democratic Party -- and America”. Salon.com. 2012? 4? 5?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  3. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ??? (2008? 4? 9?). “The story of Barack Obama's mother”. ??. 2009? 2? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  4. ↑ Dewey, Alice; Geoffrey White (2008). “Ann Dunham: A Personal Reflection”. 《Anthropology News》 (American Anthropological Association) 49 (8): 20. doi:10.1111/an.2008.49.8.20.? “Spotlight on Alumni: EWC Alumna Ann Dunham— Mother to President Obama and Champion of Women’s Rights and Economic Justice”. 《News》. East-West Center. 2009? 6? 7?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 8? 19?? ???.?
  5. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? (2007? 3? 27?). “Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas; Stanley Ann Dunham shaped a future senator”. ??? ???. 1 (Tempo)?. 2012? 12? 5?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 2? 16?? ???.?
  6. ↑ ?? ??? (2009? 1? 27?). “President Obama: From Kansas to the Capital, Part II”. KAKE-TV, ABC News. 2010? 5? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 9? 12?? ???.?
  7. ↑ “Partial Ancestor Table: President Barack Hussein Obama, Jr.” (PDF). New England Historic Genealogical Society. 2010? 3? 19?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2009? 6? 11?? ???.?
  8. ↑ ?? ??? (2009? 1? 27?). “President Obama: From Kansas to the Capital”. 《KAKE-TV, ABC News》. 2009? 7? 1?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 7? 29?? ???.?
  9. ↑ ? ? Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (2007? 9? 9?). “The Obama family tree” (PDF). ??? ????. 2B?. 2008? 6? 25?? ?? ?? (PDF)?? ??? ??. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  10. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??, ???? 2011? 5? 10? ????, A15?
  11. ↑ ? ??? (2008? 11? 4?). “Barack Obama's grandma, 86, dies of cancer before election”. The Honolulu Advertiser. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
    Nakaso, Dan (2008? 11? 11?). “Day, time of Dunham death clarified”. 《The Honolulu Advertiser》. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  12. ↑ “Obama's Grandparents And Mom Once Lived In Okla.”. 《Local News》 (KTUL). 2009? 2? 8?. 2009? 8? 21?? ???.?[?? ??(?? ?? ??)] Jones, Tim. "Barack Obama: Mother not just a girl from Kansas," Chicago Tribune via Baltimore Sun (2025-08-07).
  13. ↑ ? ? ? ??? (2009? 2? 7?). “Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960”. HistoryLink.org. 2011? 6? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  14. ↑ Barack Obama, Dreams from My Father, Chapters 4-5, ISBN?978-1-4000-8277-3
  15. ↑ Obama, Barack (2004). 《Dreams from my father: A story of race and inheritance》. New York: Three Rivers Press. 9?. ISBN?1400082773.? Mendell, David (2007). 《Obama: From promise to power》. New York: Amistad. 27?. ISBN?0060858206.?
    Glauberman, Stu; Burris, Jerry (2008). 《The dream begins: How Hawai'i shaped Barack Obama》. Honolulu: Watermark Publishing. 25?. ISBN?0981508685.? Jacobs, Sally (2008? 9? 21?). “A father's charm, absence; Friends recall Barack Obama Sr. as a self-confident, complex dreamer whose promising life ended in tragedy”. The Boston Globe. 2008? 12? 5?? ???.?
  16. ↑ ? ? ? ? Maraniss, David (2008? 8? 22?). “Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible”. The Washington Post. 2008? 12? 5?? ???.?
  17. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ??? (2008? 6? 11?). “??? “???, ??? ?? ?????””. ????. 2010? 9? 3?? ???.?
  18. ↑ ? ? Meachem, Jon (2008? 8? 23?). “What Barack Obama Learned from His Father”. ????. 2008? 11? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 11? 14?? ???.?
  19. ↑ Oywa, John (2008? 11? 10?). “Keziah Obama: My life with Obama Senior”. The Standard (Kenya). 2009? 2? 18?? ???. “in keeping with the Luo customs, Obama Senior sought her consent to take another wife, which she granted.?
  20. ↑ “Born in the U.S.A.”. FactCheck. 2008? 8? 21?. 2008? 10? 25?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 10? 24?? ???.?
  21. ↑ Brodeur, Nicole (2008? 2? 5?). “Memories of Obama's mother”. The Seattle Times. B1?. 2009? 2? 13?? ???. Box last saw her friend in 1961, when she visited Seattle…?
  22. ↑ ? ? Martin, Jonathan (2008? 4? 8?). “Obama's mother known here as "uncommon"”. The Seattle Times. A1?. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.? ??? ??? ??? ??? 1961?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ???. "??? ???? ??? ?? ?????, ??? 1961?? ?? ???? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???." ??? ??? ???? ??? ??? ? ?? ????: "1962?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????, ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ???."
  23. ↑ Montgomery, Rick (2008? 5? 26?). “Barack Obama's mother wasn't just a girl from Kansas”. 《The Kansas City Star》 (Lawrence Journal-World). A1?. 2009? 2? 13?? ???. But all doubts dissipated when she passed through Mercer Island in 1961 with her month-old son.?
  24. ↑ At some point, she gave her old friends the impression that she was on her way to visit her husband at Harvard (where he would not enroll until the fall of 1962). See Maraniss 2008.
  25. ↑ LeFevre, Charlette (2009? 1? 9?). “Barack Obama: from Capitol Hill to Capitol Hill”. Pacific Publishing Company. 2011? 1? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 2? 13?? ???. A single mother who enrolled in the University of Washington in 1961 and signed up for 1962 extension program, she likely came across many social prejudices in the predominantly all-white campus.... Recently located was a listing for Stanley Ann Obama in the 1961 Polk directory at the Seattle Public Library....?
  26. ↑ LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip (2009? 1? 28?). “Baby Sitting Barack Obama on Seattle's Capitol Hill”. Seattle Gay News. 2009? 3? 30?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.? LeFevre and Lipson wrote:

    Mary Toutonghi....recalls as best she can the dates she baby sat Barack as her daughter was 18 months old and was born in July of 1959 and that would have placed the months of babysitting Barack in January and February of 1962.... Anna was taking night classes at the University of Washington, and according to the University of Washington’s registrar’s office her major was listed as history. She was enrolled at the University of Washington in the fall of 1961, took a full course load in the spring of 1962 and had her transcript transferred to the University of Hawaii in the fall of 1962. Along with the Seattle Polk Directory, Marc Leavipp of the University of Washington Registrar's office confirms 516 13th Ave. E. was the address Ann Dunham had given upon registering at the University.

    Both Anna Obama and Joseph Toutonghi were listed as residing at the same address, in the Seattle Reverse Directory, 1961-1962. See Dougherty, Phil. “Stanley Ann Dunham, mother of Barack Obama, graduates from Mercer Island High School in 1960,” ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ?? HistoryLink.org (2025-08-07). Retrieved (2025-08-07).
  27. ↑ Neyman, Jenny (2009? 1? 20?). “Obama baby sitter awaits new era — Soldotna woman eager for former charge’s reign”. Redoubt Reporter. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  28. ↑ One source says the scholarship was for New York University: Meachem, Jon (2008? 8? 23?). “On his own”. Newsweek. 2008? 11? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 11? 14?? ???.?; others say it was for the New School for Social Research: e.g., Maraniss, David (2008? 8? 24?). “Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible”. The Washington Post. 2008? 11? 14?? ???.? and Ripley, Amanda (2008? 4? 9?). “The Story of Barack Obama's Mother”. 《Time》. 2009? 2? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  29. ↑ Harvard University (1986). 《Harvard University 350th Anniversary Alumni Directory》. vol. I seventeen?. Cambridge, MA: President and Fellows of Harvard College. 904?.?
  30. ↑ ? ? Solomon, Deborah (2008? 1? 20?). “Questions for Maya Soetoro-Ng: All in the Family”. The New York Times Magazine. 17?. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  31. ↑ ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Scott, Janny (2008? 3? 14?). “A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama’s path”. The New York Times. A1?. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  32. ↑ Scott, Janny (2008? 3? 14?). “A free-spirited wanderer who set Obama’s path”. The New York Times. A1?. 2009? 2? 13?? ???.?
  33. ↑ Sheridan, Michael; Sarah Baxter (2007? 2? 5?). “Secrets of Obama Family Unlocked”. New America Media. 2017? 11? 29?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 8? 27?? ???.?
  34. ↑ Watson, Paul (2007? 3? 15?). “As a child, Obama crossed a cultural divide in Indonesia”. Los Angeles Times. 2008? 6? 21?? ???.?
  35. ↑ Mendell, David (2007). 《Obama: From Promise to Power》. HarperCollins. ISBN?0-06-085820-6.?
  36. ↑ Tani, Carlyn (Spring 2007). “A Kid Called Barry: Barack Obama '79”. 《Punahou School》 (Punahou Bulletin). 2008? 10? 21?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 3? 12?? ???.?
  37. ↑ “Easy-going youth who put passion into politics”. 《U.S. Elections》 (The Irish Times). 2008? 11? 6?. 2009? 8? 21?? ???.?
  38. ↑ Sutoro, Ann Dunham, and Roes Haryanto. 1990. "KUPEDES Development Impact Survey." BRI Briefing Booklet. Jakarta.
  39. ↑ Dunham, S. Ann (1992). 《Peasant blacksmithing in Indonesia?: surviving against all odds》. University of Hawaii.?
  40. ↑ ? ? Dove, Michael (2009? 8? 11?). “Dreams From His Mother”. 《New York Times》. 2009? 8? 11?? ???.?
  41. ↑ Dreams From My Mother BBC World Service, September 15, 2009
  42. ↑ “Ford Foundation Links Parents of Obama and Treasury Secretary Nominee”. Chronicle of Philanthropy. 2008? 12? 3?. 2008? 12? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 12? 20?? ???.?
  43. ↑ Chipman, Kim (2008? 2? 11?). “Obama Drive Gets Inspiration From His White Mom Born in Kansas”. 《Bloomberg》.?
  44. ↑ ? ? ? ? McCormick, John (2007? 9? 21?). “Obama's mother in new ad”. 《Chicago Tribune》.?
  45. ↑ OBAMA BIDS FAREWELL TO GRANDMOTHER - New York Post - December 24, 2008
  46. ↑ Essoyan, Susan (2008? 9? 19?). “A woman of the people: A symposium recalls the efforts of Stanley Ann Dunham to aid the poor”. 《Honolulu Star-Bulletin》. 2008? 11? 5?? ???.?
  47. ↑ “Book by President Barack Obama's Mother to be Published by Duke University Press”. 《Office of News and Communications》 (?? ???). 2009? 5? 4?. 2010? 6? 19?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 8? 22?? ???.? See also: Surviving against the Odds: Village Industry in Indonesia ??? 2025-08-07 - ??? ??
  48. ↑ Kit, Borys (2009? 9? 7?). “Obama's mother to be focus of documentary”. 《Reuters》. Hollywood Reporter. 2009? 9? 9?? ???.?
  49. ↑ “C-SPAN Airs 2009 Presidential Session Honoring S. Ann Dunham”. American Anthropological Association. 2009? 12? 16?. 2010? 6? 13?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 5? 10?? ???.? “International Affairs - Panel on Ann Dunham's "Surviving against the Odds: Village INdustry in Indonesia" - Book TV”. Book TV.?
  50. ↑ McCann, Ruth (2009? 8? 8?). “Cut From Obama's Mother's Cloth”. The Washington Post. ISSN?0190-8286.?
  51. ↑ “A Lady Found a Culture in its Cloth”. Textile Museum. 2009. 2009? 8? 11?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2009? 9? 6?? ???.?
  52. ↑ De Zutter, Hank (1995? 12? 8?). “What Makes Obama Run?”. Chicago Reader. 2008? 5? 2?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 4? 1?? ???.?
  53. ↑ Obama, Barack (2006? 10? 15?). “Book Excerpt: Barack Obama”. ??. 2008? 3? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 7? 12?? ???.?
  54. ↑ ? ? Sabar, Ariel. “Barack Obama: Putting faith out front”. 《2007? 7? 16? edition》. The Christian Science Monitor. 2008? 6? 1?? ???.?
  55. ↑ Anburajan, Aswini (2007? 12? 22?). “Obama Asked about Connection to Islam”. 《First Read》 (MSNBC). 2008? 3? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2010? 7? 12?? ???.? Michael, Saul (2007? 12? 23?). “I'm no Muslim, says Barack Obama”. 《New York Daily News》. 2008? 1? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 4?? ???.?
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